Plantagenet Queens Consort of England

Atonement Essay example - 1591 Words

Atonement nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Atonement in the larger sense deals with a common factor which is sin. The definition is a making at on which points to a process of bringing those who are enstranged into a unity(Douglas, 107). It is a theological term which derives from the Anglo-Saxon. The word atonement appears eighty seven times in the Old Testament in the RSV Bible(Nelson, 55). According to Strongs Exhaustive Concordance, which is using the King James Version, appears seventy seven times in the Old Testament and only once in the New Testament. In Leviticus, atonement appears fifty one times, more than any other book of the bible. In Numbers it appears seventeen times and in Exodus eleven times. The reason why it is used so†¦show more content†¦Words associated with Kopher are redemption, price, bribe, camphire, pitch, ransom, satisfaction, village. An interesting side point to the word Kopher is that it also denotes finger nail polish. Oriental females make a powder of camphire leaves then made the powder into a paste by use of water and put in on their finger which gave them a reddish color. The word camphire comes from the same root as atonement just as a sinner could pray for a colorful cover for his soul that was ruined by sin. Or Kippur means expiation but only in the plural. Expiation is found numerous times in the Old Testament for example in 2 Samuel 21:3, 1 Chronicles 6:49, and 2 Chronicles 29:24. The denominative verb which is to make an atonement, make reconciliation, or to purge is or Kapar. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are three parent nouns for atonement and they are Koper, Kippur, and Kapporet. Koper or means ransom or gift to secure favor. Exodus 30:12 and Isaiah 43:3 uses ransom and this is parallel to the word redeem. In 1 Samuel 12:3 Koper is used as quot;bribequot;. Kapar means to atone by offering a substitute. This may be better understood if you use ransom with Koper (Harris, 453). Kippur or is used in the quot;Day of the Atonementquot;. This was celebrated by a special sin offering for the whole nation and only the high priest could be allowed to sacrifice a goat. A second goat was released as an escape goat to symbolize a total removal ofShow MoreRelatedCritical Essay Atonement2556 Words   |  11 Pages‘ATONEMENT’ Joe Wright’s 2002 feature film ‘Atonement’, based on Ian McEwan’s 2002 critically acclaimed novel of the same name, masterfully adapted for the screen by Christopher Hampton, is at its heart about language and its power; about the way a lie told by a child – inspired by a letter not intended for her eyes – changes the lives of those who hear it; and how that child later longs to make things right again, to restore the indolent simplicity of that summer afternoon through the innocentRead MoreThe Film Atonement By Ian Mcewan1335 Words   |  6 PagesThe 2007 film Atonement was based on Ian McEwan’s original novel which he published in 2001 with the same title. The film was directed by British director Joe Wright and stars actor/ actresses James McAvoy, Keira Knightley, and Saoirse Ronan in this romantic war drama. Filming was done in locations throughout Great Britain, which is where most of the films setup takes place. The film was was nominated for seven Academy Awards and walked away with Best Original Score. Atonement begins in the TallisRead MoreEssay on Atonement by Ian McEwan785 Words   |  4 PagesAtonement by Ian McEwan Atonement comes from an at onement, the idea being that penance and suffering allows us to be at one with God or ourselves. The central theme of atonement is that of seeking forgiveness. This is manifested through the characters and their actions. In the book Atonement by Ian McEwan, the act carried out by Briony sets of a chain of events, for which either atonement is sought or society seeks atonement from. Brionys character is described as being compulsivelyRead MoreWho Killed Robbie And Cecilia? Reading And Misreading Ian s Atonement1704 Words   |  7 PagesIn his essay â€Å"Who Killed Robbie and Cecilia? Reading and Misreading Ian McEwan’s Atonement,† Martin Jacobi argues that Ian McEwan dramatizes misreading and warns readers against misreading, but also causes his readers to incorrectly read his novel. Jacobi shows us how easy it is to misread in Atonement and this makes readers more likely to sympathize with Briony’s misreading. He further discusses how the narrative encourages us to believe that Robbie and Cecilia’s love story must end tragically evenRead MoreThe Concept of Blood Atonement behind Judaism and Fundamentalist Latter Day Saints1865 Words   |  8 Pagesof orthodox Jews. While on the other hand, Fundamentalist Latter Day Saints (FLDS) will be found to zealously observe blood atonement in their practices today. The significance and impor tance that was placed in blood atonement, through animal sacrifice, no longer has the same affect in Judaism traditions because of the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, yet blood atonement can still be found heavily regarded by FLDS, as they hold to the belief that Jesus’s shedding of blood on the cross is notRead MoreThe Person and Work of Our Lord Jesus Christ- The Atonement Essay2948 Words   |  12 Pagesfalse doctrine concerning the `Person of Christ then there will automatically be flaws in his work. Arians, Sucinians and Unitarians. These all denied Christ as the Divine son, in turn rejecting the atonement. Also the `Non-Subscribing Presbyterians (Unitarian) will deny the Blood Atonement. The 2 Natures Of Christ There is a need for a proper view of the Deity and Humanity of Christ. Our Portion here shows both of these, V1- Deity + V14- Humanity In v14 we see 2 words which representRead MoreAnalysis Of Atonement By The Novel Atonement Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesThe novel Atonement tells the story of a woman desperately trying to make for her past mistakes. The story starts off in the world war two period with the three main characters, Briony, Robbie and Cecelia, as children and young adults. Robbie comes from the poor Turner Family, while Briony and Cecilia are sisters in the powerful and wealthy Tallis Family. After observing a set of peculiar and awkward encounters between Robbie and Cecilia, Briony wrongly assumes Robbie as an evil character. AfterRead MoreAtonement1257 Words   |  6 PagesENG4Ud October 7, 14 Ian McEwan - Atonement Everything we do or have done is affected by the challenges we face. Whether they are good or bad or if they are from someone in our lives or if it is a conflict we have to face, these things will be what challenge us to push us harder for our dreams to come true. Having dreams are a good thing with Briony, hers where to be a famous writer, and this all started with the play she wanted to through for her brother Leon. Also conflict plays a pretty bigRead MoreAtonement Analysis1145 Words   |  5 PagesIan McEwan’s Atonement deals with significance and the complexity of truth. Briony is the main character in Atonement who is young woman with a broadened and striking inventive capacity. Her reality emerges from her engaging vision of life which contains just dreams and disappointments. Atonement highlights the subjective nature of truth through shifting narrative voices. Atonement represents the subjective idea of truth the energy of subconscious and reality in return for a go od lesson. NarrativeRead MoreThemes Of Atonement971 Words   |  4 PagesIn Atonement by Ian McEwan, the literal meaning of the title is â€Å"reparation for a wrong.† Although the initial understanding of the meaning of the title is clear, the reader does not know what the apology or reparation is for. The reader only gradually discovers the purpose of the title through many events and through repetition and point of view. Throughout the novel, there are many themes that are portrayed and developed: guilt, water, sexual desire, etc. However, none are shown and are more actively

Jawhar Gram Samridhi Yojna Free Essays

Its name then got changed to Jawhar Gram Samridhi Yojna . lt was started on 1 April 1999. The main aim of this programme was development of rural infrastructure. We will write a custom essay sample on Jawhar Gram Samridhi Yojna or any similar topic only for you Order Now Belief that good rural infrastructure would give rise to many opportunities which poor rural people could benefit and improve their condition. Infrastructure like roads to connect the village to different area, which made the village more accessible and also other social, educational(schools) and Infrastructure Ilke hospitals. Its secondary objective was to give out sustained wage employment. This was only given to BPL (below the poverty ine)famllnder was to be spent for Individual beneficiary schemes for SCS and ST’s and 3% for establishment of barrier free infrastructure for the disabled people. The village panchayats were one of the main governing body of this programme. There it did not feel like an outsider was controlling it, the village panchayats were a part of the people and understood their needs. ThOOO 1841. 80 crore was used and they had a target of 8. 57 lakh works, 5. 07 lakh works were completed during 1999-2000. Employment Assurance Scheme(EAS) This scheme was started on 1 October 1993. It was first started in 1772 backward areas In 257 districts. The revamped public distribution system was in operation here. It was later expanded to all the 5448 rural blocks of the country. The employment assurance scheme was later renamed red In 1999-2000 to the single wage employment programme. The maln objective was to create wage employment opportunities through manual work for the people inrea living below 13/12/2012 7:31 PM http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/poverty_alleviation_programmes_in_lndia the poverty line in the time of acute shortage of wage employment. The other objective is creation of durable community and social and economic for sustained employment and development of the poor. This scheme is available all the poor andy people living below the poverty line who cannot help themselves. preto SC and STs and also to parents of children those who have Just been saved from child labour and from haz ardous working conditions who are bellow the poverty line. Also only 2 adults of the family are given wage employment. This programme is carried out and implemented through Zilla parishads and in those states where Zilla parishads are not there, it is implemented through DRDA’s. The Zilla parishads finalize all the works in their Jurisdiction which is approved by the MP’s(members of parliament)The zliia arisahds are allowed to spend 15% of the funds for the maintenance of the assets formed and created under this scheme. During 1999 and 2000 they had an target of 4091. 63 mandays, 2566. 39 lakh mandays were created and the total allocation of funds during that year was 2431. 46 crore and the amount that was used was Rs 1998. 6 crore. National Old Age Pension Scheme(NOAPS) As the name suggest this scheme provided pension to old people who were above the age of 65 who could not fend for them selves and did not have any means of substinence. The pension that was given was Rs 200 a month. This pension is given y the central government. The Job of implementation of this scheme in states and u nion territories is given to panchayats and municipalities. The states contribution may vary depending on the state. National Family Benefit Scheme(NFBS) This scheme was started in August 1995 by GO’. This scheme is sponsored by the state government. It was transferred to the state sector scheme after 2002-03. It is under the community and rural department. This scheme provides a sum of 10000Rs to a person of a family who become the head of the family after the death of its primary breadwinner. A breadwinner is a person who is above 18 who earns the ost for the family and the family survives on his/her earnings. It is for families below the poverty line. National Maternity Benefit Scheme This scheme provides a sum of 500 Rs to a pregnant mother for the first two live births. The women have to be older than 19 years of age. It is given normally 12-8 weeks DeTore tne Dlrtn ana In case 0T tne aeatn 0T tne cn110 tne women can stlll avall it. The NSAP is implemented by states and union territories with the help of panchayats and municipalities. During 1999-2000 the total allocation of funds for this scheme was 767. 05 crores and the amount used was Rs 596. 99 crores. ANNAPURNA This scheme was started by the government in 1999-2000 to provide food to senior citizens who cannot take care of themselves and are not under the targeted public distribution system(TPDS), and who have no one to take care of them in their village. How to cite Jawhar Gram Samridhi Yojna, Papers

Essentials To Managerial Accounting Engage -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Essentials To Managerial Accounting Engage? Answer: Introduction: This case is about Hawthorn Leisure Works which offers tennis court and other physical fitness facilities to its members. Their revenue is from membership fee and court fee. They want to change their fee structure and regarding that an analysis need to be done in comparison to their old plan. They want to analyse as if new plan regarding fee structure will help to improve the revenue or not (Lalli, 2011). They are planning to remove the court fees from their revenue structure and merge the student segment with the individual segment. There were total 2000 members in the old plan and 70% of those members will continue their membership in the new plan. The new plan consist of only the membership fee and no court fee is there in the new plan. They are estimating that the court fee will be recovered by them with their new plan within six months of the implementation. They further estimate that the new plan will increase the revenue as compared to the old plan. A complete analysis is made regarding the revenues of the HLWs in their old plan as well in their new plan (Heisinger, 2009) Annual membership fees(old plan) Individual $ 45.00 Student $ 30.00 Family $ 100.00 Total Members 2000 Family 1000 Individual 500 Student 500 10 Courts and 12 hours per day Peak tennis season October to April Court fees Days 181 Capacity (5pm to 9pm) 90%-100% Avg. 95% $12 per hour Capacity(9am to 4pm) 50%-60% Avg. 55% $8 per hour Off season May to September Days 184 Court usage(Capacity) 20%-40% Avg. 30% $ 6 per hour Old Plan( Revenue) Amount Membership Fees Individual $ 22,500.00 Student $ 15,000.00 Family $ 1,00,000.00 Court Fees Peak Season 5pm-9pm $ 82,536.00 9am-4pm $ 63,712.00 Off Season $ 39,744.00 Total Revenue $ 3,23,492.00 New Plan of annual membership fees Individual $ 300.00 Family $ 500.00 Promotional( for complete year) Individual $ 250.00 Family $ 450.00 New Plan (Revenue) Amount Membership Fees Normal Individual $ 75,000.00 Family $ 1,25,000.00 Promotional Individual $ 1,12,500.00 Family $ 2,02,500.00 Total Revenue $ 5,15,000.00 Yes, the new membership plan and fee structure improve the ability to plan the cash receipts as under the new plan the membership fee is only there and no court fee is there as any member can use the court at any time without paying any fee. Although the no. of members in the new plan have decreased from 2000 to 1700 but still the revenue increased in comparison to old plan. The increase in revenue will improve the fee structure and the new plan is worthy for company. (Johnson, 2014). The sales revenue will increase resulting from the planned change in the fee structure for next financial year (Drury, 2005). They changed their revenue structure as earlier the revenue was from membership fee and court fee and in the new plan the revenue is only from the membership fee but still there is considerable increase in the revenue with the implementation of new plan. The sales revenue under old plan was $ 3, 23,492.00 and the sales revenue under new plan $ 5, 15,000.00. The assumption made by me is regarding the calculation of court fees as the percentage range is given for the occupancy of the court. So, I took the average of the given range. As either we need to take any of the upper or lower range or average of the range one fixed criteria need to be followed. HLW should accept the new plan as the revenue will increase and the complexity of managing the fee structure will decrease on part of the management. The members will also be happy as there will be no separate fee regarding court usage (Clowes Scriven, 2015). The fall in the no. of members will be combat by the new fee structure very soon as the membership fee increased as compared to the old plan. Conclusion: As per the analysis being done regarding the acceptance of new plan or continuing with the old plan it is recommended to accept the new plan as the revenue got increased (Barney, 2014). The revenue under old plan was $ 323492 and the revenue as per the new plan is $ 515000. The benefit is clearly there and no other contention is required to support the new plan. References: Barney, J. B. 2014,Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage, Pearson Higher Ed. Clowes, R Scriven, V 2015, Budgeting: A Practical Approach, Pearson Higher Education AU. Drury, C 2005, Management Accounting for Business, Cengage Learning EMEA. Goektuerk, H 2007, Activity Based Costing (ABC) - Advantages and Disadvantages, GRIN Verlag. Heisinger, K 2009, Essentials to Managerial Accounting, Cengage Learning. Johnson, P. F. 2014,Purchasing and Supply Management, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Lalli, W. R. 2011, Handbook of Budgeting, John Wiley Sons. Potts, Keith, and Ankrah, N 2014,Construction Cost Management: learning from case studies, Routledge. Wiese, N 2009, Activity Based Costing, GRIN Verlag.

Freud V. Erikson Essay Example

Freud V. Erikson Paper Erik Erikson is a well known psychoanalyst, and studied for many years under the famous Sigmund Freud. Erikson modeled his ideas from Freud’s, but was like many other followers, and believed that his theory on the developmental process of humans was more inclusive and extensive then Freud’s (Sharkey, 2003 p. 1). Erikson studied and agreed on most of Freud’s beliefs and theories, but eventually saw that his own beliefs differed in certain ways. Both theorists believed that the human personality develops within stages. Both believed that there are certain time periods in which certain things happen in order to determine the person one will become. Freud used his psychoanalytic theory of development in order to explain this process; and says that one’s personality has been shaped by the age of five. (Sharkey, p. 5) Erikson disagrees, and instead says that humans develop and change constantly through out their entire life span. He believes that humans enter different stages through out their life, each of which ultimately affects later stages, and collectively shapes one’s personality. He felt by Freud neglecting human adult development, it made his theories not completely accurate (Langley, 2000 p. 2). . . . He realized that his own ideas had some important qualities that differed very much. The right balance between both ends must be achieved for optimum development. Finally, Erikson also felt that the environment had a much larger role in human development then Freud did (Huitt, 1997, p. They were different form the contemporary theories of the time. This period of sexual latency lasts five to six years, until puberty, where children become capable of reproduction, and their sexuality is re awakened. I just personally feel that a person becomes who they are from experience. It is probably for those reasons that Freud believed that the primary drive or motive to human behavior is biological instincts (Mikula, 2003-2004 p. We will write a custom essay sample on Freud V. Erikson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Freud V. Erikson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Freud V. Erikson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This stage does not cause any fixation, and if it does the damage was done in earlier oral, anal, and phallic stages. If a child from birth to eighteen months can undergo this crisis successfully, their caregiver has met his or her needs consistently and appropriately, and the child will develop a tendency to trust others. People are faced with problems and decisions daily and from experience I for one believe that you can change and mold oneself into a new person. The changing environment makes new demands, which in turn causes new crisis’s to arise. If the foundation from the previous crisis and the environment are both appropriate, then the person has the best likely chances of overcoming the crisis successfully, and advancing to the next stage. If a person is able to make it through one stage with that appropriate outcome, they will have a greater time achieving success in the next crisis they are faced with. This happens in the intimacy versus isolation crisis

All About the Periodic Table

All About the Periodic Table The periodic table of the elements is one of the most important tools used by chemists and other scientists because it summarizes useful information about the chemical elements in a format that shows relationships between the elements. Get Your Own Periodic Table You can find the periodic table in any chemistry textbook, plus there are apps for referring to the table from your phone. However, sometimes its nice to be able to have one open on your computer, to  save one to your desktop, or to print one off. Printed periodic tables are great because you can mark them up and not worry about ruining your book. Use Your Periodic Table A tool is only as good as your ability to use it! Once you are familiar with the way the elements are organized, you can locate them more quickly, get information from the periodic table, and draw conclusions about the properties of elements based on their location on the table. Periodic Table History Many people consider Dmitri Mendeleev to be the Father of the Modern Periodic Table. Mendeleevs table was slightly different from the table we use today in that his table was ordered by increasing atomic weight and our modern table is ordered by increasing atomic number. However, Mendeleevs table was a true periodic table because it organizes the elements according to recurring trends or properties. Get to Know the Elements Of course, the periodic table  is all about the elements. The elements are identified by the number of protons in an atom of that element. Right now, youll see 118 elements on the periodic table, but as more elements are discovered, another row will be added to the table. Quiz Yourself Because its necessary to know what the periodic table is and how to use it, you can expect to be tested about it from grade school pretty much until the end of time. Before your grade is on the line, probe your strengths and weaknesses with online quizzes. You might even have fun!

Furniture Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Furniture Marketing - Case Study Example The owner, Martin Smith has designed a new product and is willing to launch it on 25th of March 2010. As the world is currently experiencing a recession, consideration will need to be paid to the price and dynamics of the product. This will be achieved by the marketing and strategy plan. Having experience for eight years in producing furniture, Mr. Martin has come up with the idea of producing a computer desk that can be used to study as well. What makes this product different from other computer desks in the market is the ability to adjust the size and adapt to the room size (Bennington, 2004). The product design is attractive and can be ordered in different colors. The non-adjustable part of the desk is 75cm (horizontal). There are extensions on either side of the desk that can be extended by 40cm. Its height is 72cm and the legs are metallic. Both sides of the desk have drawer space which can contain CDs, books or the PC case. The total weight will be 67.5Kg. The current UK legislation may have a negative impact due to increase in taxes. If taxes increase this increase may have to be passed down to the customer. Thus price of the product will increase. This will affect the business. Transport costs too would be affected. Because of credit crunch many students from different cultural backgrounds will be reluctant to register in universities. ... The cost of the desk is affordable to the majority Since there are some value added features in this product there is bound to be greater demand for this desk Weaknesses Since there are many similar products in the market there will be a stiff competition Since this is a new product the people would be reluctant to buy it Opportunities Since computers are used by the majority of the public at homes, offices, universities and colleges there is a greater demand for computer desks. Product placement strategy related opportunities. Company can place the product in well researched market segments like universities and colleges in London. It can make use of its manufacturing division and technical control division to enhance efficiency by reducing costs. Threats Market penetration pricing strategy adopted by rival furniture manufactures is a threat. Total Concept also has to adopt a similar strategy. The bigger rivals have a better supply chain advantage. They buy products at cheaper prices thus can afford to sell it at cheaper prices 3.2 PEST Analysis PEST Analysis is a strategic analysis method that is used to understand market growth and the business position potentials and directions. Political The current UK legislation may have a negative impact due to increase in taxes. If taxes increase this increase may have to be passed down to the customer. Thus price of the product will increase. This will affect the business. Transport costs too would be affected. Social Because of credit crunch many students from different cultural backgrounds will be reluctant to register in universities. This will have a negative effect on the

Stand up meetings in agile software development Dissertation

Stand up meetings in agile software development - Dissertation Example It involves adapting to changes continuously and delivering of software product (Strode et al., 2009). Agile software process is iterative and incremental with high communication level and customer involvement (Schwaber and Beedle, 2002). In an early paper that defined agile software methodology, it stated that the â€Å"... methodology involves modification and improving requirements through collaboration with cross functional teams to encourage organisation teams in the process of developing the software† Schwaber and Beedle, 2002). The proposition of Takeuchi and Nonaka (1986) concerning Agile Software Development involved encouraging the proximity of team members and verbal communication to create a robust quality framework. The proposition of Takeuchi and Nonaka in promoting Agile software development were based on: 1. Flexibility: A system where different software development processes can be modified to meet the new changes in the software development process. 2. Unity of Purpose: All the parties in the software development process had to be committed to a single vision and mission. And they had to get updates on a regular basis. 3. Coordination: All the different units had to work with each other to attain results at every point in the software development process. These are the main components and elements of Agile Software Development. ... Constant communication and constant interaction is a central feature of Agile Software Development approaches and systems (Fowler, 2012). Schwaber and Beedle (2002) argue that in order to maintain unity of purpose and enhance the holistic nature of the software development process requires the exchange of information and constant interaction between the team members Daily stand-up meetings are a major practice organisations used by agile teams to facilitate the regular exchange of information (Schwaber and Beedle, 2002). Stand-up meetings are daily meetings that are held to provide status updates to team members in Agile Software Development projects (Fowler, 2012). This involves quick updates and a summary of activities that were conducted in the previous day (Fowler, 2012). They are conducted on a daily basis and they last for between 5 and 15 minutes (Fowler, 2012). In agile software development, these stand up meetings are carried out to enable participants in the software develo pment process share views and information on: 1. What was accomplished the previous day. 2. What will be accomplished in the current day. 3. The obstacles faced and how the obstacles will affect the day's work (Fowler, 2012). It is a daily routine that is held at a specific time and same place. Stand-up meetings are therefore an essential part of agile software development and promote constant interaction and the holistic development of software (Stray et.al 2012). Although stand-up meetings are a commonly used practice in Agile Software development, it is not quite clear what their benefits and drawbacks are. Should teams accept the practice without knowing its actual importance and the limits of its effectiveness? This is a question that leads to the next stage of

Interest of the United States of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interest of the United States of America - Essay Example Whereas Theodore Roosevelt, Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger are usually remembered as having viewed foreign policy primarily as a tool for the use in the pursuit f power and national interests. Realism in its most concentrated form argues that the head f state should solely be interested in achieving things which will further national interests, with complete disregard for things like human rights if they don't directly contribute to this achievement. A common explanation for the realist way f thinking is concisely put when it is stated that, 'leaders must deal with the world the way it is, not as they would wish it to be. The key assumptions f realism say that; states are the main components f the international system and that these states are motivated and ought to be motivated by their own interests and the search for power. It is also assumed that; the balance f power is imperative to international stability and that relations between states should be trying to obtain this international balance f power, not to change other states policies. (Ikenberry 2006) During the presidential debate f 11th f October 2000, when George W. Bush was asked to speak about what the guidin g principle for his foreign policy would be, he took a classic realist line: "The first question is what's in the best interest f the United States What's in the best interest f our people When it comes to foreign policy that will be my guiding question. Is it in our nation's interests" A true realist will oppose giving 'moral' concerns priority over foreign policy objectives. They object to what is often seen by other states as unwanted 'medalling' in idealist approaches to foreign policy, as there are both practical and political difficulties when intervening in the domestic affairs f other states. Interference in the internal affairs f another state is seen as an infringement f its sovereignty. This sort f behaviour would only make the USA unpopular in the wider world and this does not serve American interests, in fact it would obstruct its ability to pursue them. In realist terms humanitarianism is an often-unaffordable luxury, as is the ability to only align themselves with states f common moral and political beliefs. However the practice f power politics cannot often oblige. The USA has in the past been willing to support extreme right-wing regimes, even when they are known to be violators f human rights, so long as the regime was pro-America, or at least anti - communist, (the 'lesser f two evils' strategy). It can be summarised in one sentence; the world must be taken as it is found and statesmen should stay faithful to moral principles where possible but must always be willing to bend these principles when necessary to protect the interests f the state. Modern day realism tends to reject the multilateral approach to action, as favoured by the Clinton administration. It is unclear, however, if this change in favour f American unilateralism will be a lasting one. (Mead 2007) Pure idealism argues that one should take the moral route under all circumstances, regardless f the effect it has on the states national interests. Idealism is motivated by the key assumptions that; the state is only one f the

The Vulnerabilities Of Small Island Developing States Environmental Sciences Essay

The Vulnerabilities Of Small Island Developing States Environmental Sciences Essay Small Island Developing States (SIDS) comprise small islands and low-lying coastal countries located across the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and Caribbean Sea. While geographical, climatic, cultural and socio-economic dissimilarities exist between these nations, they face common development constraints and vulnerabilities to Climate Change. Growth and development of SIDS is restricted by factors such as limited resources, remoteness and volatile weather patterns. Small populations and remoteness also lead to high transportation and communication costs and minimal opportunity to create economies of scale thereby inducing susceptibility to external shocks. SIDS also generally possesses a heavy dependence on imported petroleum products. High electricity prices therefore also present constraints to economic and social development efforts. Consequentially, eleven SIDS nations are also recognised by the United Nations as Least Developed Countries (LDC). The environmental impact of human activity is increasingly being recognised across the globe. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions largely from the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation have significantly increased over the last half a century, leading to the Climate Change phenomenon. Symptomatic changes in climate are already being realised, with increasing temperatures, altering rainfall patterns, rising sea-levels and increased frequency and intensity of natural disasters causing social, economic and environmental issues across the globe. While SIDS provide a minimal contribution to global GHG emissions, they are amongst the most vulnerable to its effects. The size of these island states makes them especially susceptible to climatic variations and extreme events as large areas or even entire islands can be directly affected. The consequential economic environmental and social damage can therefore be extensive, without the option of intra-national relief. Key sector such as tourism and agriculture are under serious threat while in some circumstances the very existence of many island states is at risk. Common characteristics of SIDS not only enhance their susceptibility to experiencing a changing climate but give them a low capacity to adapt to such change. Already experiencing many socio-economic issues such as water and food security, intensification of such issues due to climate change may make these countries uninhabitable. This paper aims to identify the major vulnerabilities of SIDS to impending Climate Change and consider the role that developed nations should play in assisting their survival. NATURAL CLIMATE IN SIDS AND PROJECTED CLIMATE CHANGES Across the globe, the effects of Climate Change are already being observed, with SIDS undoubtedly being affected. Sea surface temperatures have been increasing by 0.1 °C per decade in the oceans where most SIDS are located (45), while annual and seasonal ocean surface and island air temperatures have increased from 0.6 °C to 1.0 °C since 1910 throughout a large part of the South Pacific (46). Studies over the period 1971 to 2004 have also suggest warming to be occurring in the Caribbean, Indian Ocean and Mediterranean regions, with trends ranging from 0 °C to 0.5 °C per decade (47). Warming sea temperatures leads to expanding oceans and rising sea levels. This is a key concern for SIDS with the entire Pacific region experiencing a mean rise of +0.77 mm per year (53), while sea-levels in the Caribbean region increase on average by 1mm per year. Local conditions mean there is considerable variation between or even within individual island states. For example, different tectonic movements across the country of Trinidad has lead to rises of about 1mm per year along the west coast, while the south is experiencing an increase of approximately 4mm each year (54). Changing trends in extreme temperatures have also been observed. The annual number of hot days and warm nights in the South Pacific and Caribbean regions has shown increasing trends, as well as a relative decrease in the annual number of cool days and cold nights (48, 49). The climate of SIDS is strongly influenced by the ocean-atmospheric interactions. The El Nià ±o Southern Oscillation and decadal variability play a dominant role in experienced periods of drought and high rainfall and the common generation of tropical cyclones and storms in small island regions. Climate Change is already and expected to continually enhance such extreme weather events. Rainfall patterns are becoming more variable. The Caribbean especially has experienced less consecutive dry days while heavy rainfall events are becoming more frequent (50). These changes are projected only to get worse. The intensity and frequency of cyclnes and tropical storms is also expected to increase. Since 1970 the intensity and duration of storms has increased leading to a greater number reaching category 4 and 5 (51). IMPACTS FROM CLIMATE CHANGE Despite being heavily reliant on fossil-fuel based energy, in comparison to developed and other developing states SIDS use a relatively modest amount of fossil fuels. Consequentially their greenhouse gas emissions remain low, accounting for less than 1% of global emissions (Table. 1). Furthermore, the annual emissions from the Pacific islands is .96 tonnes of carbon dioxide per capita, equating to only 25% of the worldwide average per person. SIDS thus hold minimal responsibility for the current climate change, yet in a sad irony they are likely to be the most severely impacted. Table 1. Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2003 Selected Countries (http://cait.wri.org) Already susceptible to food and water security and human health, climate change is likely to exacerbate such socio-economic issues. Water Resources Poor water quality and water stress is common in SIDS. High rainfall and drought periods associated with El Nià ±o episodes significantly impact water security of small islands, while factors such as limited size, geology and topography make their water resources especially sensitive variations in climate. Inadequate infrastructure such as dams, reservoirs and water distribution networks cause further issues for water security in many SIDS. Small island nations often show a strong dependence on rainfall. Tuvalu and several other countries in the Pacific rely on rainwater as their principal freshwater source; Dominica, in the Caribbean and the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean, show almost complete dependence on surface water from streams; while many low-lying coral islands and raised atolls are forced to rely on groundwater due to unsubstantial freshwater lenses. Reduced rainfall, a likely consequence of climate change, constrains the amount of physically harvestable water, reduced river flow and slowed recharge of freshwater lenses. Hence the ability to meet agricultural and domestic water demands is severely compromised. Sea-level rise and flooding can also lead to saltwater intrusion and siltation of freshwater systems. Extreme weather events can also increase water pollution with serious implications for human health and the incidence of water-borne diseases. Furthermore, a lack of adequate water infrastructure such as dams and reservoirs, results in high runoff during the rainy seasons and consequential losses of surface and stream water to the sea. Coastal zones Coastal areas of small islands are generally the site for major settlements and the centre of economic activity. In the Caribbean more than half the population lives within 1.5km of the shoreline, while islands of the Pacific and Indian Ocean, generally establish their villages on the sand terrace or on the beach itself. Communities and critical infrastructure such as schools, electricity generation plants, fuel storage facilities, police stations and hospitals are therefore in direct risk of rising sea-levels and extreme weather events. In the case of a disaster populations are thereby left without basic social services. Rising sea-levels lead to coastal erosion and in some cases inundation, while physical damage from hurricanes and cyclones also threaten vital coastal assets and human lives of small islands. From 1950 to 2004 76% of the reported disasters in the Pacific island region was cyclones with the average cost per cyclone estimated at US$75.7 million (in 2004 value), while the 2004 hurricane season alone caused damage of around US$2.2 billion in only four countries the , Grenada, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic. Biodiversity and Tourism Geographical isolation has allowed the formation of many unique species, making these islands home to a significant proportion of the worlds biodiversity. However, human activity is posing serious threats to the natural ecosystems of SIDS. Extensive deforestation has occurred for infrastructural development and agriculture, with more than one quarter of the small island states demonstrating greatly reduced forest cover. Terrestrial and marine ecosystems are also experiencing increasing degradation and pollution and overexploitation. Coral cover has declined by up to 80% over the last 3 years in reefs of the Caribbean, with pollution, sedimentation and over-fishing has been determined to be largely responsible. Climate Change will have further consequences for biodiversity and the health of natural ecosystems. Apart from the arising environmental concerns, ensuing social and economic issues also follow due to compromised environmental services. Physical damage from more frequent and intense natural disasters presents severe implications for marine and terrestrial biodiversity. Sea-level rise and associated flooding can lead to salinisation of soils and adverse effects to mangrove forests. Rises in ocean surface temperature and carbon dioxide concentration further threaten coral reefs, leading to coral bleaching events and decreased calcification rates. Based on projected CO2 levels, it has been suggested that the calcification rate of corals could decrease by about 14 percent to 30 percent by 2050(57). Coral reefs play an important role for small islands, providing key nurseries for fish species, protection of the beach and tourism opportunities. Many SIDS rely on one or few economic activities, with tourism and travel commonly accounting for more than 25% of Gross Domestic Profit (GDP) and in some cases more than 50% (12). Natural disasters and degradation of ecosystems can severely impact this income generation. Changing weather- changing distribution of species Agriculture and fisheries Agriculture is highly valued and depended upon in SIDS for both subsistence requirements and economic development. Many islands however have limited arable land and prime agricultural regions are generally located on the coastal plains. Climate change and associated sea-level rise therefore poses a significant risk of further reduction of available farming land due to inundation and salinisation. Extreme weather events also adversely impact food crops and other livelihood resources. Cyclones, hurricanes and floods can cause irreparable damage while extended droughts and shortened growing seasons would also reduce yields. Such events have serious implications for food security while reduced exports of cash crops compromises their foreign exchange earnings and position in world trade. Climate change however is likely to affect varying degrees of economic losses among different island states. Viti Levu, a high island in Fiji, is estimated to have the potential to endure costs in the range of US$23 to 52 million per year by 2050. The low island of Tarawa in Kiribati however faces annual costs of US$8 to 16 million. These costs would represent only 2-3% of Fijis GDP in 2002 and 17-18% of Kiribatis GDP for the same year (58). Fisheries are also a critical sector in many SIDS, contributing up to 10% of the GDP. The El Nià ±o / La Nina cycle already causes visible variations in tuna catches, demonstrating the sensitivity of fish stocks to climate variability. Climate change poses the risk of stimulating altered migration patterns and the depth of fish stock, affecting the distribution and availability of fish species with socio-economic consequences. Human Health Global warming may lead to a variety of associated human health issues. Direct threats to human welfare include injuries and fatalities from extreme weather events such as floods, hurricanes and landslides, while increased frequency and duration of heat waves can also be expected to increase the risk of heat stress, illness, and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, especially amongst the elderly. A changing climate can also have indirect implication on human health. Increasing temperatures and changing rainfall patterns may lead to an increase in water and vector-borne diseases. In 2008, there were 247 million cases of malaria worldwide and nearly one million deaths, mostly among children. Malaria is most commonly caused by the parasites, carried by mosquitoes. Increasing temperatures and flooding events provide favourable environments for mosquitoes; hence climate change is likely to expand the spread of mosquito and the risk of malaria contraction. Variation in precipitation and temperature will also increase the prominence of dengue fever, with such weather patterns attributable several cases in Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago during the period 1980-2000. Storm surges and flooding events also heighten water pollution, leading to water-borne diseases such as cholera and the diarrheal diseases caused by organisms such as giardia, salmonella and cryptosporidium. Furthermore, deceases in rainfall may lead to reduced available freshwater for human use and consumption, increasing the risk of disease. Secondary malnutrition may increase due to declines in water quality and decreases in agricultural productivity. ADAPTATION ACTION Due to the current accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and with recommended emission targets from the IPCC failing to be met by major greenhouse gas emitters, the effects of Climate Change are unavoidable (61). Coupled with the severity in which this is predicted to affect Small Island Developing States, it is imperative that adaptive action is taken for the survival of these nations. A number of adaptation initiatives have been implemented by SIDS on a local scale, often in an ad hoc manner. For example, since Hurricane Ivan, it has become common practice in Jamaica to place concrete blocks on the top of zinc roofs. Typhoon resistant housing has been implemented in the Philippines after Typhoon Sisang in 1987; and improved housing design is also evident in Costa Rica and Equador, with elevated houses or a reinforced concrete strip as a foundation so that the bamboo walls do not touch the ground and are protected from fungal deterioration. There are many avenues available to address water security issues. Promotion of drought tolerant vegetation and establishment of river buffer zones enhances the resilience of rivers and catchment areas. National water policies can be used to encourage efficient water use, advocating water saving devices, while revision of building codes can work to improve water resource management, by increasing opportunities for rainwater catchments and storage. The Cajete Terrace agro-systems of Mexico provide an innovative example of adaptation measures to enhance water use efficiency and enables food to be sustainably grown on steep erosion prone slopes4. This works by excess water being fed from sloping terraces into tanks (Cajetes). The water, which would otherwise not be absorbed into the soil, is collected inside the cajetes and slowly seeps into the surrounding soils after the rain has ended. Eroded nutrient rich soil is also trapped inside of the cajetes and later gathered and distributed into the fields. Adaptable farming systems has also be achieved by African farmers through intercropping, diversification of herds and incomes, such as the introduction of sheep in place of goats4. Climate Monitoring, Forecasting and Early Warning Systems can be an invaluable tool to reduce the impacts of climate change. A National Community Based Flood Early Warning System has been established in the Philippines, allowing predictions and timely responses to possible storm events or flooding. With such equipment, outlooks with lead times of two to six months before the onset of an event may be possible6. Vector dispersion probabilities could also be monitored with such warning systems, allowing opportunities for putting interventions in place, thereby preventing excessive illness and mortality during disease epidemics such as Malaria6. In terms of food production, these systems enable better timed planting and harvesting, opportunity for informed decision of alternative cultivar or crop use, better planned food storage according to future need, and preparation of alternative food procurement strategies in advance1. This would mean more efficient use of seeds, labour, and other household resources in farming and food procurement. Such systems also demonstrate the benefits of regional arrangements pooling resources. Regional management of early warning systems is much more effective in enhancing adaptive capacity than national management. Education and promotion of responsible environmental practices is also necessary, such as training of fishermen and women in sustainable fishing practices and farmers in sustainable land use practices. Land use plans and subsequent enforcement strategies can also be utilised to achieve less destructive environmental practices such as reducing deforestation. Mangrove and coral systems should be protected to maintain their integrity. This can be achieved through discouraging pollution and restricting development in coastal areas. Controlled coastal development can also minimise exposure of people and property to coastal erosion and inundation. Relocation programs have been applied in many states to varying degrees. Frequent flooding and erosion necessitated 100 villagers in Lateu Vanuatu to be moved 600m from the coast to higher ground, while Carteret Islanders are being relocated to neighbouring Papua New Guinean island, Bougainville, in response to the excessive impacts of sea-levels rise. Reconstruction of groynes, building sand dune fences and beach renourishment (planting of trees along the coast) has also been used to protect the beach profile and mitigate the impact of coastal erosion on communities. Building national and regional adaptive capacity and providing further options for adaptation is an important component of many SIDS adaptive programs. This involves strengthening institutions, policies and regulations and linking adaptive strategies with sustainable development. Hence, many SIDS have identified investment into renewable and non-polluting energy systems as a priority. This would not only reduce climate change inducing greenhouse gas emissions, but would promote long-term energy security. ROLE OF DEVELOPED NATIONS Adaptation The low emission levels of SIDS means their policy actions are primarily focused on adaptation. However, these countries do not have the capacity to fully fund the required adaptation. The World Bank has estimated adaptation in developing countries to require between US$10 billion and US$40 billion. Additional resources, including finances and technological knowledge, are therefore required from the international community to facilitate SIDS in building their capacity to adapt to a changing climate and develop sustainably. Currently there is no specific fund which addresses the concerns of SIDS in relation to Climate Change. However global funding sources are available to assist with the costs associated with adaptation. The Adaption Fund, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and The Special Climate Change Fund provide fiscal support for projects aimed at reducing vulnerability while increasing adaptive capacities to the adverse effects of climate change. This is generally achieved through technology transfer, economic diversification, investments in non-polluting, efficient and renewable energy and sustainable development with regards to energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management. For SIDS also considered to be LDCs, the Least Developed Countries Fund, established under the UNFCCC is also available with associated National Adaption Programs of Action. These programs of action combine sustainable development and adaption objectives, focusing on water resources, food securi ty and agriculture, disaster preparedness and risk management, coastal zone management and infrastructure, natural resources management and community level adaptation. Some adaptation programs are targeted at multiple countries (For example, the GEF-UNDP project Piloting Climate Change Adaptation to Protect Human Health and the GEF-World Bank project on Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in the Caribbean region ), while others are more specific in their application locality. In executing such adaption programs, it is essential the international intervention is sensitive to the local contexts and requirement of the target island state/s. Projects should ultimately aim to enhance national and region capacity for long-term sustainability and resilience in the face of climate change. Dependence on external assistance must be carefully avoided as with implementation of ignorant hence potentially harmful strategies. Valuing traditional knowledge is a critical means of maximising the potential long-term benefits of projects and ensuring their suitability. For example, to assist food security despite erratic rainfall and cyclones farmers of Timor Island have developed their own varieties of major staple crops. Peru farmers provide another example, using an ancient irrigation draining system waru waru, or raised field agriculture, which makes it possible to bring into production the low-lying, flood-prone, poorly drained lands. The shallow canals provide moisture during droughts, drainage during the rainy season and also buffer against night-time frosts. The Zai technique in Burkina Faso also provides an example of a cost-effective adaptation measure to enhance productivity4. Farmers dig pits in the soil to collect organic material carried by the wind during the dry season, at the start of the rainy season farmers add organic matter from animals which attracts termite activity resulting in termite tunnels that can collect rain deep enough that it doesnt evaporate, and thus increasing soil fertility. Incorporating local knowledge and practices into initiatives not only makes communities more likely to adopt adaptive strategies but they also have a greater chance of success due to being contextually appropriate. To ensure benefit maximisation, initiatives should be applied on a community level. Local stakeholders and community members should be involved in all stages of the project to ensure all of their ideas and concerns are incorporated into the design and implementation. Local involvement will also enhance capacity building and self-sufficiency of target communities. Positive examples of this occurring include in Bangledesh where volunteers have been trained to help in cyclone warning, evacuation, rescue, first aid emergency relief and the use of radio communication equipment4. The Caribbean Climate Change Centre was also established through the Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change project, allowing climate change concerns to be addressed locally. Despite the efforts of such projects further advances in adaptation capacity and technology transfer is still required. For full realization of benefits, climate change adaptation must be addressed in conjunction with developmental activities. Disaster preparedness, land-use planning, environmental conservation, coastal planning, and national plans for sustainable development complement the objectives of enhancing adaptive capacity. Hence this relationship should be reflected through relevant policies. Mitigation Climate Change poses disproportionate impacts across the globe. While their greenhouse gas emissions are insignificant compared to other countries, the future viability or even survival of many Small Island Developing States is severely threatened. High level emitters, especially developed nations such as Australia, therefore have a responsibility to reduce their contribution to Climate Change. Lobbying for such action is challenging for SIDS due to their international representation. SIDS are members of the negotiating coalition of developing countries, Group of 77 and China (G77/China). Unfortunately, some of the largest greenhouse gas emitters among developing countries are also members. Hence these countries present reluctance to reduce GHG emissions because of their development objectives. Further difficulties arise with members of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) also being G77/China constituents. Short-term economic motivations of such countries would deter them from cutting greenhouse gas emissions, under the justification of common but differentiated responsibilities. Continuing emissions from these large developing countries directly threatens the viability of SIDS and compromises their power i n inflicting necessary change among high emitting developed nations. This variance between developing country negotiating partners therefore must be overcome, to protect the existence of Small Island Developing States. CONCLUSION The effects of Climate Change continue to augment with historic greenhouse emissions presenting now unavoidable consequences and action to mitigate excessive global emissions proving inadequate. In comparison to developed and other developing nations, the 51 Small Island Developing States contribute minimally to global greenhouse emissions, yet incongruously it is these nations that are projected to experience the greatest adversity from resulting changes in climate. These countries already endure water and food security and human health issues, with characteristics such as remoteness, limited resources and small physical size and population compromising their development, especially in a sustainable sense. Hence, these countries have a low adaptive capacity with instability in climatic events only going further their socio-economic issues and in some cases, the continued existence of such island states is seriously under threat. Given their limited resources for action, Small Island Developing States require assistance from the international community in terms of both Climate change mitigation and adaption. With their low emission, SIDS have low mitigation potential. Hence, high greenhouse gas emitters must take responsibility to improve their environmentally hazardous practices for the global good. Financial and technical support can also be provided by developed countries to enhance the adaptive capacity and overall resilience of SIDS. Existing funding programs and frameworks should be extended and a specific fund for SIDS established (similar to the LDS fund), to achieve the necessary but exorbitant costs of adaptation. Most importantly however, international intervention must be contextually sensitive and employ local involvement and knowledge to ensure legitimate capacity building, resilience and self-sufficiency of Small Island Developing States.

College Stress Essay -- essays research papers

Typical November nights in a college students residence include cramming obligated to catch for papers due in December, and exams that lurk around the corner on a topic you felt up on sleep for. Deadlines and due dates are non-existent for students until the night before since the preoccupations; partying and overall good times which lack libraries and study sessions, expel more excitement than the adrenaline rush of a chemistry chronicle or a pre-cal problem. At most schools, the days of dorm rules, dress codes, and even mandatory class attendance is long gone. But while freedom can be exciting and fun, it can also be stressful because no one is telling you what to do. You have to make a lot of decisions on your own and readjust your own values and normal life. There are bound to be mistakes, but that is part of the process. College Life is more then just going to school and making the grades that your parents require of you. This is why many students will incur an ailment called s tress. Stress in college is caused by many influencing factors. One of these important factors would have to be the expectations set by parents. Parents can be more then just an annoying voice in your ear every time you come home for the holidays. They are normally the reason you are at your present school , so pleasing them by getting good grades is almost mandatory. This thought of displeasing the parents can be detrimental to one’s thought process; meaning that it most likely would cause a wor...

Benjamin Franklin Printer To Scientist To Politician History Essay

IntroductionBenjamin Franklin should be remembered as one of the establishing male parent of the today ‘s universe superpower- the United States of America. Franklin was born on January 17 1706 and lived on until April 17, 1790. Franklin a celebrated polymath was a prima pressman writer, political theoretician, postmaster, scientist, civic militant, solon every bit good as a diplomat. As a scientist, Franklin can be remembered as the major figure involved in the Enlighten of America and the history of natural philosophies for his ageless theories and finds every bit far as electricity is concerned. He is the figure behind the innovation of the â€Å" lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin range, a passenger car mileometer, and the glass ‘armonica ‘ † Franklin established the pioneering public loaning library every bit good as the first fire section in Pennsylvania1. Franklin received the rubric of â€Å" The First American † for his early on and hardworking presentation for colonial understanding ; as a writer and interpreter in London for legion settlements, and subsequently afterwards as the Prime Minister United States diplomat to France, he epitomized the budding American state. Franklin was non merely foundational but besides introductory in structuring the American ethos as a marriage of the realistic and independent values of â€Å" thrift, difficult work, instruction, community spirit, autonomous establishments, and resistance to authoritarianism both political and spiritual † , with the systematic and broad values of the light. Harmonizing to a celebrated historian Henry Steele Commager, â€Å" Franklin could be merged the virtuousnesss of Puritanism without its defects, the light of the Enlightenment without its heat. † While To Walter Isaacson, Franklin was â€Å" the most complete American of his age and the mos t influential in contriving the type of society America would go. â€Å" 2 Franklin, everlastingly conceited of his working category roots, rose up the ladder to go a successful day-to-day editor every bit good as a pressman in Philadelphia, the so taking metropolis in the settlement. He shortly turned out to be affluent after printing Poor Richard ‘s Almanack and The Pennsylvania Gazette. Franklin achieved planetary reputation as a scientist for his legendary experiments in electrical energy and for his many finds, peculiarly the lightning rod. He participated and besides played a important function in establishing the University of Pennsylvania and was thenceforth elected to head the esteemed American Philosophical Society. Franklin turned into a province hero in America when he led the attempt to hold the Congress get rid of the ostracized Stamp Act. As a gifted diplomat, he was extensively well-liked among the Gallic as American curate to Paris and was a cardinal individual in the growing of affirmatory Franco-American dealingss. For several old a ges, Franklin was a British postmaster for the settlements, a station which subsequently enabled him to set up the initial national communications web. Franklin was so much involved and active in society personal businesss, national and international personal businesss every bit good as colonial and province political relations. From 1785 to 1788, Franklin served as governor and towards the terminal of his life ; he unchained his slaves and hence turned out to be one of the most celebrated abolitionists3. His colorful life and bequest of political and scientific achievement, every bit good as the rank as one of America ‘s most important Establishing Fathers, have saw Franklin honoured on mintage and money ; warships ; the names of many towns, counties, educational establishments, namesakes, and companies † and even after more than two centuries since his decease, countless cultural references4. Franklin was born on Milk Street in Boston. His male parent wanted him to travel to school with the clergy but the money was merely plenty to last Franklin for merely two old ages in school. Franklin studied at Boston Latin but he did non graduate and had to go on his instruction through insatiate reading. At 10 his schooling ended and he started working for his male parent until the age of 12 when he became an learner for his brother who had a pressman and who introduced Franklin to the printing trade. At 15 Franklin established The New-England Courant, and which happened to be the first genuinely independent newspaper during the settlements. After being denied the chance to print a missive to the newspaper for publication, Franklin assumed the fabricated name of â€Å" Mrs. Silence Dogood † , a middle-aged widow. â€Å" Mrs. Dogood † ‘s letters were in print, and even a topic of duologue around town. Neither James nor the Courant ‘s readers were witting of the fast one. Franklin was forced to go forth the apprenticeship without permission shortly after his brother discovered that the popular correspondence belonged to Franklin5. At 17, Franklin took off and became a runaway in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where he started a new life in a new metropolis. At first he worked in several ; pressman stores available in town but nevertheless he was non satisfied by the immediate chances. It is after a few months while still working in a printing house that the so Pennsylvanian Governor convinced him to travel to London purportedly to obtain equipment required in set uping another daily in Philadelphia6. At age 17, Franklin ran off to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, seeking a new start in a new metropolis. When he foremost arrived he worked in several pressman stores around town. However, he was non satisfied by the immediate chances. After a few months, while working in a printing house, Franklin was convinced by Pennsylvania Governor Sir William Keith to travel to London, apparently to get the equipment necessary for set uping another newspaper in Philadelphia7.Franklin as a PrinterIt was non until 1727, when Franklin, by so 21 old ages established the Junto, a group of â€Å" like minded aspiring craftsmans and shopkeepers who hoped to better themselves while they improved their community. † The Junto was a argument group for all issues of the twenty-four hours and it accordingly provided rise to many associations in Philadelphia. For Junto reading was a great interest although by so books were really rare and expensive excessively. Therefore the members of the Junto group agre ed to make a library, ab initio meant for their ain books. However, this was non sufficient and that is the clip when Franklin conceived the thought of a subscription library, and which act as a signifier of pooling financess to purchase books for all to read. This signified the birth of the library company of Philadelphia. Until today the library company remains a great scholarly every bit good as a research library harbouring over 500,000 rare books8. In 1733, Franklin started to publish the celebrated Poor Richard ‘s Almanack under the nom de plume Richard Saunders, on which much of his trendy position is based. Franklin on a regular basis wrote under anonym. Even though it was known that Franklin was the writer, his Richard Saunders character often denied it. In 1758, Franklin put in print Father Abraham ‘s Sermon a twelvemonth after he ceased composing for the Almanack9.Franklin as an InventorFranklin was an impressive discoverer. In the thick of his legion creative activities was the Franklin range, bifocal spectacless, lightning rod, glass armonica, every bit good as the flexible urinary catheter. Franklin under no fortunes did he patent his innovations, and in his autobiography he wrote that, â€Å" †¦ as we enjoy great advantages from the innovations of others, we should be sword lily of an chance to function others by any innovation of ours ; and this we should make freely and liberally. To add to his lon g list of innovations are societal inventions, for case paying frontward. Franklin ‘s enthralment with invention could be regarded as philanthropic ; he wrote that his proficient plants were to be used for mounting effectivity and human development. One such development was his effort to rush up intelligence services in the class of his printing presses10. As adjunct postmaster, Franklin developed an involvement refering the North Atlantic Ocean circulation forms. It was while in England in 1768 that he overheard a ailment from the Colonial Board of Customs as to why make it took a British package ships transporting mail several hebdomads longer to make New York than it took an mean merchandiser ship to make Newport, Rhode Island. Franklin laid the job to his cousin Timothy Folger, a Nantucket whaler captain, who informed him that bargainer ships on a regular basis circumvented a strong eastbound mid-ocean current whereas the mail package captains navigated dead into it, therefore battling an unpleasant current of 3A stat mis per hr ( 5 kilometers per hour ) . Franklin so laboured with Folger and other knowing ship captains, larning every bit much as necessary to plot the current and name it the Gulf Stream, by which it is still known today11. It required many old ages for British sea captains to finally commend Franklin ‘s advice on voyaging the current ; on one juncture they did, and they were able to pare two hebdomads from their seafaring clip. But in1853, oceanographer Matthew Fontaine Maury a fame map maker rang a bell that Franklin merely planned and codified the Gulf Stream, but he did non detect it.Franklin as a ScientistIn 1743, Franklin established the American Philosophical Society to help scientific work forces talk about their theories and finds. It at this clip that He began the electrical probes and surveies that, together with other scientific enquiries, would prosecute him for the balance of his life, in amid turns of moneymaking and politics12. In 1747, Franklin officially retired from printing and ventured into other concerns. He entered into a partnership with his chief, David Hall, which offered Franklin with portion of the store ‘s returns for over 18 old ages. This moneymaking concern treaty non merely did it supply leisure and survey clip but besides it is during this period that be made the most finds that accorded him a repute with erudite people in Europe and particularly in France.13 All Franklin ‘s finds resulted from his scrutiny of electricity. Franklin projected that â€Å" vitreous † and â€Å" pitchy † electrical energy were non diverse types of â€Å" electrical fluid † , but instead represented the same electrical fluid under different force per unit areas. Franklin was the first individual to trade name them as positive and negative in that order, every bit good as he was the first individual to detect the rule of saving of charge.14 Electrical experiments done by Franklin paved manner to his find of the lightning rod. He discovered that music directors with a jagged instead than a level point had the ability to liberate mutely, and at a far improved distance. He construed that this information could be of great usage in protecting celebrated edifices from lightning. In grasp of his attempt with electricity, Franklin was awarded with the Royal Society ‘s Copley Medal in 1753 while in 1756 he turn out to be one of the few eighteenth century Americans to be voted as a Fellow of the Society. In add-on and an honor to him the cogs unit of electric charge has been named after him that is one Franklin ( Fr ) is equal to one stat C. Franklin and his modern-day friend Leonard Euler were the lone major scientists who showed support of Christiana Huygens ‘ moving ridge theory of visible radiation, after it was basically ignored by the remainder of the scientific community15. Harmonizing to a good recognized myth, in 1973 a storm traveling from the southwest disadvantaged Franklin of the opportunity of detecting a lunar occultation. Franklin was said to hold noted that the current air currents were in fact from the nor'-east, opposing what he had expected. In communicating with his brother, Franklin subsequently learned that the matching storm had non hit Boston non until after the occultation, in malice of the fact that Boston is to the nor'-east of Philadelphia. He inferred that storms were non needfully affected by the way of the prevailing air current, a utile construct which would hold great influence in meteorology16. In add-on, Franklin noted a theory of infrigidation by recognizing that on a really hot twenty-four hours, he stayed ice chest in his moisture shirt in a zephyr than he did on a dry 1. Harmonizing to Michael Faraday, Franklin ‘s experimentation on the non-conduction of ice is significance even though the jurisprudence of the wide consequence of liquefaction on electrolytes is non attributed to Franklin. All Franklins ‘ oceanographic findings are accumulated in his Maritime Observations and published by the Philosophical Society ‘s minutess. It restricted thoughts for catamaran hulls, sea ground tackles, shipboard buoy uping burden every bit good as H2O tight compartments. In 1736, Franklin formed the Union Fire Company, which happened to be one of the initial voluntary fire contending companies in America. It is besides during the same twelvemonth that he printed a new currency for New Jersey founded on fresh anti-counterfeiting technique which he had developed. All through his calling, Franklin was a protagonist for paper money, publishing A Modest Enquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency in 1729, and his pressman printed money. He was cardinal in the more unnatural and therefore winning pecuniary experiment in the Middle Colonies, which stopped up deflation without taking to inordinate inflation17.Franklin as a PoliticianAs Franklin matured, he began holding more and more concerns sing public personal businesss. For case in 1743, he went a measure in front to setup a 4th strategy for the Academy and College of Philadelphia. Franklin became caught up in Philadelphia political personal businesss and quickly developed. In October 1748, he was chosen to be a councilman, while in June 1749 he was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Philadelphia. In add-on, in 1751 he was voted for the first clip to the Pennsylvania Assembly. On August 10, 1753, Franklin was chosen joint deputy postmaster-general of North America. Well franklins most notable service in his state ‘s political relations was his betterment of the postal system, with correspondence sent out each week18. In 1751, Franklin and Dr. Thomas Bond attain a charter from the Pennsylvania parliament to establish a infirmary. Pennsylvania Hospital was the earliest infirmary in what was to turn out to be the United States of America. In 1754, Franklin led the Pennsylvania deputation to the Albany Congress. This assemblage of legion settlements had been called upon by the Board of Trade in England to develop dealingss with the Indians and defense mechanism non in favor of the Gallic. It was Franklin who really considered a wide Plan of Union for the settlement. Whilst the program was non approved, elements of instituted their manner into being in the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution.19 In 1757, Franklin was sent off to England by the Pennsylvania Assembly as a imperial agent to expostulation against the political authorization of the Penn household, the owners of the settlement. He stayed there for five old ages, determined to stop the owners ‘ privilege to turtle statute law from the voted Assembly, and their unsusceptibility from paying revenue enhancements on their land. His deficient in of of import Alliess in Whitehall made the mission to neglect. Franklin died on April 17, 1790, at the age of 84. Around 20,000 people were in attending during his funeral. He was interred in Christ Church Burial Ground in Philadelphia. The remains of B. Franklin Printer ; Like the wrap of an old Book, Its inside torn out, and stripped of its authorship and ornament, Lies here, grocery for Worms. But his Work shall ne'er be entirely lost: For it will, as he supposed, emerge one time more, in a new and even more ideal Edition, accurate and revised by the Author. In 1773, when Franklin ‘s work had had transformed from publishing to scientific discipline and politics.20 Notes 1. Isaacson, Walter. Benjamin Franklin: An American Life. New York, NY. USA. Prentice Hall Publishers. 2004. 2. Isaacson 2003, p. 491 3. Isaacson 2003, p. 492 4. Lemay, J. A. Leo. â€Å" Franklin, Benjamin ( 1706-1790 ) , † Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. erectile dysfunction. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison ( Oxford: OUP, 2004 ) . 5. Lemay, 2004, p.1709 6. Wolf, A. , History of Science, Technology, and Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century. New York, 1939. p.232 7. Van Horne, John C. â€Å" The History and Collections of the Library Company of Philadelphia, † The Magazine Antiques, v. 170. No. 2: 58-65 ( 1971 ) . 8. Isaacson 2003, p. 491 9. Isaacson 2003, p. 492 10.Silence Dogood, The Busy-Body, & A ; Early Writings J.A. Leo Lemay, erectile dysfunction. Library of America, 1987 one-volume, 2005 two-volume ISBN 978-1-93108222-8 11. Autobiography, Poor Richard, & A ; Later Writings J.A. Leo Lemay, erectile dysfunction. Library of America, 1987 one-volume, 2005 two-volume ISBN 978-1-88301153-6 12. Green, J. â€Å" English Books and Printing in the Age of Franklin, † in The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World ( 2002 ) , p.257. 13. Isaacson 2003, p. 8 14.Van Horne, 1971, p.58-65 15 Wolf, 1939, p.232 16. Isaacson 2003, p. 12 17. Isaacson 2003, p. 78 18. Isaacson 2003, p. 14 19. Green, 2002, p.257 20. â€Å" History of the Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology † . Bfit.edu. Archived from the original on July 31, 2008. Retrieved on November 19, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //web.archive.org/web/20080731130624/http: //www.bfit.edu/aboutus/history.php.

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck †Literature Essay

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck – Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Literature Essay In John Steinbeck’s novel Of Mice and Men, there are many recurring events. Out of all of the recurring events within the novel, the most significant events were the death of Candy’s dog and the murder of Lennie. These two killings have very much in common, and yet at the same time they have very many differences. Foreshadowing is one reason why many events reoccur throughout the novel. The first most significant event of the novel would have to be to death of Candy’s dog. The main reason why this event is significant is because it shows some meaning of foreshadowing about Lennie’s death. â€Å"A shot sounded in the distance. The men looked quickly at the old man. Every head turned torward him.† This quote shows that Carlson had finally shot the dog and put him out of his misery. Later on in the novel, Candy says that she should have shot the dog instead of making someone else do it. This little message plays a major role of foreshadowing for the murder of Lennie. The other most significant event of the novel is Lennie’s death. The way Lennie died was that he was shot and killed by his best friend george. Going back to when Candy said that she wished she had killed her dog, this is prime case of foreshadowing because it is the only reason why George killed Lennie because Curly was going to shoot him anyways. George did the right thing that he had to do, but also he did the one thing he didn’t want to do. There are also some differences between these two deaths. The most common difference is that Candy’s dog is an animal and Lennie is a human being. Research Papers on Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck - Literature EssayThe Fifth HorsemanCapital PunishmentArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Mind TravelQuebec and CanadaThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Locating German Vital Records

Locating German Vital Records Civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths in Germany began following the French Revolution in 1792. Beginning with regions of Germany under French control, most German states eventually developed their own individual systems of civil registration between 1792 and 1876. In general, German civil records begin in 1792 in Rheinland, 1803 in Hessen-Nassau, 1808 in Westfalen, 1809 in Hannover, Oct 1874 in Prussia, and Jan 1876 for all other parts of Germany. Since Germany has no central repository for civil records of births, marriages, and deaths, the records may be found in several different locations. Local Civil Registrars Office Most civil birth, marriage, and death records in Germany are maintained by the civil registration office (Standesamt) in the local towns. You can usually obtain civil registration records by writing (in German) to the town with the appropriate names and dates, the reason for your request, and proof of your relationship to the individual(s). Most cities have websites at www.[city name].de where you can find the contact information for the appropriate Standesamt. Government Archives In some areas of Germany, duplicate civil records of births, marriages and deaths have been sent to the state archives (Staatsarchiv), district archives (Kreisarchive), or another central repository. Many of these records have been microfilmed and are available at the Family History Library or through local Family History Centers. The Family History Library The Family History Library has microfilmed the civil registration records of many towns throughout Germany up to about 1876, as well as copies of records sent to many of the various state archives. Do a Place Name search in the online Family History Library Catalog for the name of the town to learn what records and time periods are available. Parish Records Often called parish registers or church books, these include records of births, baptism, marriages, deaths, and burials recorded by German churches. The first surviving Protestant records date back to 1524, but Lutheran churches, in general, began requiring baptism, marriage, and burial records in 1540; Catholics began doing so in 1563, and by 1650 most Reformed parishes began keeping these records. Many of these records are available on microfilm through Family History Centers. Otherwise, youll need to write (in German) to the specific parish which served the town in which your ancestors lived.

C-Difficile Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

C-Difficile - Research Paper Example Moreover, outbreaks of C. difficile infection in Canada and U.S.A. have been linked with the highly resistant and virulent strain of the bacterium, NAP-I/027 and have been found resistant to the fluoroquinolones drug treatment (Allday 2012 para 3; Aktories & Wilkins 2000 p. 1 & 2; Talley et al 2010 n.p.). The microbiology of C. difficile, the pathophysiology of infection in humans, clinical presentation, risk factors, diagnostic strategies and preventive measures will be discussed. The microbiological study of C. difficile has brought forward some significant features about the bacterium. It is an anaerobic bacterium which means that it requires oxygen for its survival and spore-bearing. It stains mostly Gram-positive and has a length variation of 3-5 um. Animal reservoirs for C. difficile have been located but no direct association with human infection has been established. C. difficile spreads in the infants and neonates predominantly by nosocomial infection rather than vertical transmission. An important aspect is that infants up to the age of 12 months are protected from the diarrheal symptoms, probably because they lack the receptors required for the toxin action. The bacteria spread mostly from contact with contaminated skin, food items, clothes or any other surface. C. difficile spreads from the feces of an infected person to the healthy individuals. (Aktories & Wilkins 2000 p. 2-5; Allday 2012 para 12). The spores produced by the bacteria are orally in gested by the humans leading to the formation of C. difficile colonies in the gut. The infected individuals develop Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea while some also remain asymptomatic and show no active infection. C. difficile produces two exotoxins- A and B- which cause disruption of the epithelium of the colon by binding to the epithelial cells. The production of inflammatory cells and cytokines leads to mucosal inflammation and small ulcer formation in the gut (Talley et al 2010 n.p.). The clinical features of the C. difficile infection are described as watery, non-bloody diarrhea and episodes of abdominal pain. Severe infections can lead to development of ileus and even shock. Non-specific signs include low-grade fever, dehydration and abdominal tenderness. A criterion to describe the severity of the infection involves the parameters of age, temperature, albumin level, WBC count, endoscopy findings and treatment in intensive care unit. A score of greater than or equal to 2 within 48 hours is designated as severe Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (Talley et al 2010 n.p.). The risk factors for C. difficile infection mainly focus on the elderly population, people taking antibiotic or antacid therapy or those with a prolonged stay in hospital environments. According to a report, recurrence was found to be higher in those who were taking medications that were H2 receptor blockers (Worcester 2012 para 1- 3). People above the age of 65 years are at high risk for severe or complicated infection. Other risk factors include tube feeding within 2 months, immunosuppression and excessive usage of broad-spectrum antibiotics (Talley et al 2010 n.p.). Enzyme immunoassay is the standard test for the diagnosis of the C. difficile toxins A and B in the stool samples. The test results are available within 24 hours. Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy is helpful in

The Accounting Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Accounting Cycle - Essay Example 5) Preparation of an adjusted trial balance. 6) Using the information given in the adjusted trial balance, preparation of the financial statements. 7) Entering closing entries into the general journal and then to the general ledger. 8) Preparation of the post closing trial balance. The transaction must be identified from an authentic or original source. These sources can include deposit slips, invoices, purchase orders etc. This steps provides important information about the date on which the transaction took place, the amount of transaction, description and, if it is possible, the name and contact information of the party with which the dealings took place. In this step, the accounts that are being affected because of the transaction are determined. The effect includes either an increase or a decrease. The amount by which they are being affected must also be determined. The transaction must be then entered into the journal. This must be done on both, the credit and the debit sides of the journal. There are some important facts that must be considered. A general journal is always maintained in the chronological order. Journal may refer to the general journal, the sales journal, cash receipts journal and so on. Entries are posted in the trial balance. A trial balance presents a list of all accounts (transactions) and their balances. The purpose of this step is to verify whether or not the sum of the credit and debit sides is equal. If they are unequal, the trial balance must be adjusted. The trial balance that has unequal sides can mean that there is a problem. This step involves preparation and posting of deferred and accrued transactions to the T- ledger accounts journals. Adjusting entries are usually made on the last day of the given accounting period. The reason for this is to ensure that the financial statements reflect the revenue earned during the given period